To FootN.B. Developed in MSIE 4 / 6; occasionally checked in some other browsers.
General JavaScript functions are coded in include1.js and include3.js, and are shown in JavaScript Include Files.
Most values entered can now have spaces, e.g. as thousands separators; eval() is used in userIn(). Inputs can be expressions such as 29028*0.3048. Comment is allowed.
Some of these assume a spherical body. For Earth, use a circumference of 40,000 km or better (that matches the originally-intended size of the metre).
See JavaScript Date and Time Introduction ff. for details, and in Leap Seconds.
Note the scroll bar.
On Earth, the depression in degrees is close to the square root of the height in kilometres.
Use consistent length units; approximate Earth size in kilometres is preloaded.
The initial value of Altitude is roughly correct for ISS; the Viewing Distance for the Glasgow-London latitude difference.
Drawing a matching diagram is left as an exercise for the reader.
The Viewing Distance calculation is iterative.
A distant Orb is viewed, from directly above Longitude 0 on its Equator; its North is at the top. Its surface is seen as a circle, in which one can use centred Cartesian (X, Y) or Polar (r, θ) co-ordinates.
Gregorian. Press any button to calculate its line from the other two entries. Not d/m/y; year>99.
Use Days ± = 0 to check.
For UNIX time_t to/from GMT, see in JavaScript Date and Time 2 : Demonstrations.
Leap Seconds Caveat.
The input is the argument, string or number, for JavaScript's new Date() giving at least year, month, and day; allowable notations are dependent on your browser (Date field separator /, integer seconds, optional Zone indicator). It can be a number, but not an expression, corresponding to the number of milliseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC; but caveat Leap Seconds.
I believe that these are strictly correct in all locations; but check. See in JavaScript Date and Time 2 : Demonstrations for running clocks and another converter, and Julian/Gregorian Calendar Date Conversion for conversions between Calendars and CMJD.
Magnitude is logarithmic; a difference of 5 magnitudes represents a factor of 100 in brightness, so 1 Mag is a factor of about 2.512. Avoid negative brightness.
At 1 g in a Newtonian universe it takes a year or so to reach the speed of light. The Solar System is only about a light-day across; the nearest stars are several light-years away. Therefore, at 1 g the Newtonian approximation is good for local and interplanetary travel; but for interstellar travel the journey is substantially relativistic.
For Newtonian travel, mid-point turn-over in order to stop halves the distance and speed.
To be replaced if possible by ---
For telescope resolution, use Baseline for Wavelength and Distance for Aperture; watch the units. Visible light is about 600 nm wavelength; enter about 6E-7 m. Accepts expressions :-